Have you become tired of finding the 12th Class Biology Notes?
We have notes that you can use in 2019. Furthermore, now you can here download for free or view online without downloading anything.
These F.Sc Part 2 Biology Notes are for Federal Board (FBISE), and can be helpful for Punjab Board, and entry tests like MDCAT, NUMS and ETEA.
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Biology is no longer defined by the biological treatises of the past. It is defined by the questions we ask today, and the tools we use to answer them. In the early 21st century, biology is becoming a discipline where data can be gathered at an extraordinary rate.
We have tools to randomly mutate genes and to edit genomes with extraordinary precision. We have tools that allow us to quantify biomolecules with exquisite precision, both in space and time.
Biologists now use powerful computing methods, often adapted from physics and computer science, to analyze these large data sets.
With these advances comes a new need for biologists who understand how to apply these quantitative approaches and extract meaningful biological insights from them.
We are therefore excited about a new vision for biology education that aims not only to teach the content of biology, but also the quantitative skills needed for this new era of biology.
In this vision, students would learn about biological phenomena through engaging stories about real biological systems — stories that introduce fundamental biological concepts as well as quantitative models that describe how those processes work.
Students progress from learning about single molecules to cells and ultimately whole organisms with self-contained modules that are linked together into coherent courses using computational thinking.
Chapter 14-Respiration
Size: 3 MB | Pages: 24
The area where gaseous exchange with the environment actually takes place is called the respiratory surface. Gaseous exchange takes place in all organisms by the physical process of diffusion – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 14 – Respiration Notes in Images
Chapter 15-Homeostasis
Size: 4 MB | Pages: 3
Although Positive Feedback is needed within homeostasis, it also can be harmful at times. When you have a high fever it causes a metabolic change that can push the fever ‘ higher and higher. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 15 – Homeostasis Notes in Images
Chapter 16- Support and Movement
Size: 4 MB | Pages: 34
The thick filament which is about 16 mm in diameter is composed of myosin. Each .myosin molecule has tail terminating in two globular heads. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 16 – Support and Movement Notes in Images
Chapter 17-Nervous coordination
Size: 5 MB | Pages: 36
Molar neuron get command from central nervous system or spinal cord for appropriate response according to stimulus this message is taken towards the effectors for response by means of motor neuron. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 17 – Nervous Coordination Notes in Images
Chapter 18-Chemical Coordination
Size: 3 MB | Pages: 24
Chemically, hormones are of three basic types i.e., steroids, amino acids or their derivatives, proteins or polypeptides and a few belong to the fatty acids e.g., prostanglandins. Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 18 – Chemical Coordination Notes in Images
Chapter 19-Behavior
Size: 3.18 MB | Pages: 25
When food is within 50-75 meters of the hive, the bee will do the round dance on the combs surface. When food is more than 75 meters from the hive, the bee will do the waggle dance. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 19 – Behavior Notes in Images
Chapter 20- Reproduction
Size: 2 MB | Pages: 18
An antisperm antibody test looks for special proteins (antibodies) that fight against a man’s sperm in blood or semen. The test uses a sample of sperm and adds a substance only to affected sperm. Semen can cause an immune response in- either man’s or woman’s body.- An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 20 – Reproduction Notes in Images
Chapter 21-Development and Aging
Size: 4 MB | Pages: 34
An antisperm antibody test looks for special proteins (antibodies) that fight against a man’s sperm in blood or semen. The test uses a sample of sperm and adds a substance only to affected sperm. Semen can cause an immune response in- either man’s or woman’s body.- An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 21 – Development and Ageing Notes in Images
Chapter 22-Inheritance
Size: 6 MB | Pages: 49
The biological information in DNA is stored and coded in the sequence of its bases. The position on a chromosome where a gene is located is often referred to as a locus.- An Extraction from the Notes.
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Chapter 23-Chromosome and DNA
Size: 5 MB | Pages: 39
A typical chromosome consists of two strands called chromatids; each is made up of a long DNA molecule which is highly coded along with histone proteins.- An Extraction from the Notes.
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Chapter 24-Evolution
Size: 3 MB | Pages: 27
The tissue which first influence inducing the development of a secondary embryo in the host. This termed this inductive event as primary induction, because he believed it to be the first inductive event in development. – An Extraction from the Notes.
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Chapter 25-Man and His Environment
Size: 5 MB | Pages: 37
Nitrogen gas is composed of two atoms of nitrogen linked by a very strong triple bond. This makes it chemically nonreactive, and large amounts of energy are required to break the bond- An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 25 – Man and his Environment Notes in Images
Chapter 26-Biotechnology
Size: 6 MB | Pages: 50
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a revolutionary technique in molecular biology which is used to amplify (cloning) a single gene or a piece of DNA into thousands to millions of copies. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View Online: Chapter 26 – Biotechnology Notes in Images
Chapter 27-Biology and Human Welfare
Size: 3 MB | Pages: 21
The biological information in DNA is stored and coded in the sequence of its bases. The position on a chromosome where a gene is located is often referred to as a locus. – An Extraction from the Notes.
Or View in Images Format: Chapter 27 – Biology and Human Welfare Notes in Images
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